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Abstract
Asphalt concrete is a complex, multi-phase composite material whose performance and durability are critically dependent on its rheological properties. This review synthesizes the state-of-the-art in the characterization and modeling of asphalt concrete rheology, charting the evolution from fundamental principles to advanced, predictive frameworks. The discussion begins with the foundational viscoelastic behavior of asphalt and the advanced experimental techniques used for its characterization, including the Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR), Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR), and the associated Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) and Linear Amplitude Sweep (LAS) tests. It then provides a comprehensive survey of constitutive models, progressing from linear viscoelastic (LVE) frameworks such as the Burgers model and Prony series representations to sophisticated nonlinear viscoplastic and damage mechanics models, including the Viscoelastic Continuum Damage (VECD) theory and the application of fractional calculus. A central theme of this review is the emergence of the multi-scale modeling paradigm, which integrates nano-scale (Molecular Dynamics), meso-scale (X-ray Computed Tomography, Discrete Element Method), and macro-scale (Finite Element Method) simulations to forge a holistic, bottom-up understanding of material behavior. The review concludes by identifying current research challenges—such as modeling healing, aging, and moisture damage—and outlining future trends, including the integration of machine learning and digital twin technologies. The overarching trajectory of the field points towards a paradigm shift from empirical evaluation to predictive, mechanics-based design for creating more resilient and sustainable pavement infrastructure.